Accounting

Definition: Zero-based budgeting or ZBB, is an emerging budgeting technique, which is introduced with the aim of coping with the demerits of the traditional budgeting system. Zero-based budgeting is different from the incremental (conventional) budgeting system in the sense that the former begins with a zero base, i.e. from a scratch and are not based on previous trends. In … [Read more...] about Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)

Definition: Single Entry System, is the oldest and most straightforward method of keeping records of financial transactions, which is rarely prevalent these days. In this system, only one side of the transaction is recorded, because of the absence of any prescribed rules and so the records maintained are more or less incomplete. In a nutshell, single entry system of … [Read more...] about Single Entry System

Definition: Fund Flow Statement implies a snapshot of the movement of funds, i.e. inflow or outflows of the firm's financial assets for a specific period. It represents, "from where the funds are received and where the funds are utilised" by the company during a particular period. The word 'fund' refers to a sum of money, which is used to finance the firm's day to day … [Read more...] about Fund Flow Statement

Definition: Liability, as the name suggests, is a legal obligation which reflects an amount that the company owes to outside parties, i.e. banks, financial institutions, individuals or entities, whose settlement may lead to the outflow of the firm's economic resources. In finer terms, liabilities are a company's financial debts, which indicates creditors claim on business … [Read more...] about Liabilities

Definition: Assets refers to the resources of economic value which are owned and controlled by a business entity, owing to events in the past, which are expected to generate monetary benefit in future. In the balance sheet, assets appear in the second part, i.e. after equity and liabilities. Classification of Assets Assets are classified into two major categories, i.e. … [Read more...] about Assets

Definition: Petty Cash Book is a ledger book, which is used to record petty cash expenses formally in chronological order, with the date. For this purpose, a petty cashier is appointed by the firm, to pay for small payments (usually below Rs. 200) and keep a record of the same. Petty cash implies a small amount of cash in hand, with the petty cashier, who uses the amount to … [Read more...] about Petty Cash Book

Definition: Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS) refers to a statement which an entity prepares on a particular date to match the bank balance indicated in the cash book with the balance shown by the bank's passbook, by displaying the reasons for differences between the two. The entity can prepare BRS any time during the financial period, as per the requirement. Significance … [Read more...] about Bank Reconciliation Statement

Definition: Kaizen is a Japanese term which means "continuous improvement" on which Lean Manufacturing System is based. It refers to the continuous improvement and examination program constantly going on in the organization that stresses on the effective waste management, during the manufacturing process, as a result of which costs is further reduced below the initial standards … [Read more...] about Kaizen Costing

Definition: The word 'inventory' refers to the collection of unsold goods ready for sale in the normal course of business. In finer terms, it implies the stock held by the business in the process of production to serve as a buffer, which ensures proper supply of materials and maintains the smooth functioning of the business. The type of inventory depends on the nature of the … [Read more...] about Inventory

Definition: Ledger implies the principal books of accounts, wherein all accounts, i.e. personal, real and nominal are maintained. After recording the transactions in the journal, the transactions are classified and grouped as per their title, and so all the transactions of similar type into are put in a particular account. Format of Ledger A ledger account is T-shaped, having … [Read more...] about Ledger